Aspek Fisiologis Stres Panas pada Sapi Perah

Aspek Fisiologis Stres Panas pada Sapi Perah

Stres panas pada sapi perah berpotensi mengurangi produksi susu, sekaligus berdampak signifikan pada reproduksi dan kesehatan. Menentukan titik di mana hewan mengalami stres termal sangat penting untuk mengoptimalkan manajemen fasilitas dan sistem pengkondisian termal, dan akibatnya, untuk keberhasilan sistem produksi. Untuk menentukan kondisi lingkungan termal hewan, indeks dan rentang termonetralitas berdasarkan variabel lingkungan telah dikembangkan, seperti Indeks Suhu dan Kelembapan (THI) [10].

Selama bertahun-tahun, ambang batas stres panas telah menurun karena perbaikan genetik, sehingga membutuhkan perhatian yang lebih besar pada sistem produksi untuk memastikan lingkungan yang nyaman bagi hewan. Saat ini, batas THI yang dapat diterima untuk sapi perah berproduksi tinggi (di atas 35 kg·hari−1) adalah hingga 68 [20]. Namun, karena THI didasarkan pada variabel lingkungan (suhu udara dan kelembapan relatif), persepsi stres pada tingkat hewan dapat terganggu. Alternatif untuk masalah ini adalah menggunakan hewan itu sendiri sebagai indikator stres. Beberapa pendekatan telah diadopsi di tingkat penelitian untuk mengukur dan membangun hubungan yang andal terkait timbulnya stres termal pada hewan [13,23,29]. Indikator hewan seperti laju pernapasan, suhu inti tubuh, dan penurunan produksi susu telah terbukti menjadi indikator yang andal untuk beban panas yang dirasakan oleh hewan [3,13]. Selain itu, penurunan produksi susu berfungsi sebagai indikator stres panas pada sapi [3,20]. Namun, penurunan produksi susu bukanlah respons instan, karena terdapat jeda antara timbulnya dan durasi stres termal dengan penurunan produksi yang diakibatkannya [20]. Oleh karena itu, indikator fisiologis hewan tampaknya menjadi penanda terbaik untuk menentukan momen stres. Variasi suhu tubuh dan laju pernapasan merupakan tanda pertama bahwa keadaan termonetralitas telah terganggu dan sapi mengalami stres termal [3].

Suhu tubuh hewan dapat diverifikasi melalui berbagai metode, termasuk pengukuran internal: suhu rektal, vagina, rumen, dan timpani, dan pengukuran eksternal: suhu permukaan, seperti termografi inframerah, seperti yang dilaporkan dalam berbagai penelitian [4,13,30]. Dalam sebuah penelitian dengan sapi Holstein laktasi yang ditempatkan selama empat hari di ruang iklim, dalam kondisi stres panas dengan THI bervariasi antara 74 dan 84 dan dalam kondisi termonetral dengan THI antara 55 dan 61, Garner et al. (2017) [30] mengamati bahwa suhu rektal dan vagina secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada sapi yang stres panas. Dalam perlakuan stres panas, nilai 40 °C dicatat untuk suhu rektal dan vagina, sedangkan dalam kondisi termonetral, nilainya adalah 38,5 °C untuk suhu rektal dan 38,8 °C untuk suhu vagina. Dalam studi yang sama, penulis mengamati perbedaan suhu permukaan ambing, mencatat 39,8 °C dan 35,2 °C untuk sapi yang ditempatkan dalam kondisi stres panas dan termoneutral, masing-masing. Efek variasi musiman pada suhu rektal pada sapi Holstein diamati oleh Rejeb dkk. (2016) [4] yang melakukan penelitian selama musim panas dan semi di Tunisia, menghitung THI rata-rata 83,3 untuk musim panas dan 65,6 untuk musim semi, dengan nilai suhu rektal 39,2 °C untuk musim panas dan 38,2 °C untuk musim semi.

Laju pernapasan merupakan indikator fisiologis yang efisien untuk menilai stres termal pada sapi perah. Mekanisme ini diaktifkan secara instan sebagai respons terhadap rangsangan stres panas, karena terengah-engah merupakan jalur yang sangat efisien untuk pembuangan panas tubuh laten. Dalam sebuah studi di Serbia, Vujanac dkk. (2010) [31] mengamati bahwa sapi-sapi produksi tinggi pada awal laktasi, dalam kondisi stres panas dengan THI di atas 70, menunjukkan laju pernapasan bervariasi dari 51,4 hingga 77,89 napas/menit sepanjang hari; sedangkan dalam kondisi non-stres panas, dengan THI di bawah 70, laju pernapasan berkisar antara 46,8 hingga 51,9 napas/menit. Hasil serupa diamati oleh Rejeb et al. (2016) [4], yang melaporkan laju pernapasan 79,4 napas/menit selama musim panas dengan THI 83,3 dan 43,9 napas/menit selama musim semi dengan THI 65,6. Ambang laju pernapasan yang dianggap nyaman adalah di bawah 60 napas/menit, dengan nilai antara 60 dan 80 napas/menit dicirikan sebagai indikator waspada dan di atas 80 menunjukkan kondisi berbahaya [13]. Pendinginan adalah alternatif yang layak untuk mengurangi stres termal pada sapi perah. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Israel menunjukkan bahwa sapi Holstein multipara dalam kondisi stres termal, dengan THI di atas 68, ketika didinginkan delapan kali sehari dengan sprinkler dan kipas angin, menunjukkan laju pernapasan 60,2 napas/menit, sementara yang didinginkan tiga kali sehari menunjukkan laju pernapasan 73,1 napas/menit [32], yang menekankan pentingnya metode pendinginan untuk sapi perah.

Stres panas pada sapi perah tidak hanya memengaruhi kesejahteraan fisik hewan, tetapi juga memiliki konsekuensi langsung terhadap produktivitas, kesehatan hewan dan mengoptimalkan produksi dan reproduksi.

Kami menjual alat kandang closed house dan melayani instalasinya  serta pembangunan kandang sapi perah closed house.

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Hubungi kami  +62 82333341149

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